Part 1: Understanding Computers
1. What is a Computer?The word computer is derived from the Latin meaning Computare count. In English is called to compute. By definition interpreted as a set of computer electronics work together, can accept data (input), process data (process) and provide information (output) and coordinated under the control of the program stored in memory. So how computers work can be described as follows:
Input Device, is a computer hardware devices that function to enter data into the computer's memory, such as keyboard, mouse, joystick, and others.
Processor, is the main computer that manages all the activities the computer itself. The processor consists of two main parts, namely;
• Control Unit (CU), a major component of the processor that controls all the devices installed on your computer, ranging from input device to output device.
• Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), is part of a special processor data processing arithmetic (addition, subtraction, etc.) and data logic (comparison).
Memory is data storage on a computer. This memory is divided into two
kinds, namely;
• Read Only Memory (ROM), which is memory that can only be read only, can not be changed and removed, and has been filled by the computer manufacturer. The contents of ROM is required when a computer is turned on. The commands in the ROM portion is transferred to RAM. The command is in ROM include the command to read the operating system from disk, the command to check all peralatanyang in the system unit and a command to display a message on the screen. ROM contents will not be lost even if there is no power. But at the present time ROMtelah has developed and many kinds, al;
a. PROM (Programable ROM), the ROM that we can re-program with a one time entry may only change once it can no longer be programmed.
b. RPROM (Re-Programable ROM), an outgrowth of the PROM version where we can make changes repeatedly as desired. c. EPROM (Erasable Program ROM) is a ROM that we can delete and re-program, but how to eliminate them using ultraviolet light.
d. EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Program ROM), recent developments dariROM where we can modify and delete the ROM program using electrical engineering. EEPROM is a type most banyakdigunakan today. • Random Access Memory (RAM), the name we can interpret that the RAM is memory that can be accessed randomly. RAM serves to keep our program though for a while (power on) if we turn off the computer, all the data stored in RAM is lost. The purpose of RAM is accelerating data processors on a computer. In order for the data that we make can not be lost when the computer is turned off, it would require external storage media, such as diskettes, hard drive, PCMCIA card and others.
Output Device, is a computer tool that allows you to produce output, whether it is on paper (hardcopy), into the screen (softcopy) or keluaranberupa sound. For example, printers, speakers, plotters, monitors and many others.
From the above explanation we can conclude that the principle of computer work begins entering data from an input device, then the data is processed in such a way by the CPU as we want and the data that has been processed earlier stored in computer memory or disk. The stored data can we see the result through the output device.
2. Computer Components?The computer consists of three main components that can not be separated, namely;
Hardware (hardware), is the physical equipment of the computer we can kihat and feel. Hardware consists of;
Input / Output Devices (I / O Device) consists of input and output devices, such as keyboards and printers. (See sub menu peripherals)
Storage Device (storage devices)
Is a medium to store data such as floppy disks, hard disks, CD-I, etc..
Monitor / Screen
Monitor is a tool to show what we type on board
keyboard after being processed by the processor. The monitor is also called the Visual Display Unit (VDU).
Unit Casing
The casing of the unit is where all the computer equipment, whether it is the motherboard, cards, other peripherals and Central Procesing Unit (CPU). The casing of this unit is also called the System Unit.
Central Procesing Unit (CPU)
Central Procesing Unit is one of the most important parts of the computer, because the type of processor also determines the type of computer. Whether or not a computer, type of computer, computer prices, determined largely by the type of processor. Increasingly sophisticated computer processor, the ability will get better and usually the price will be more expensive.
2. Software (software), are computer programs that are usefulto run a job in accordance with the desired. The programwritten in a special language that is understandable by computers. The software consists ofseveral types, namely;
Operating systems, such as DOS, Unix, Novell, OS / 2, Windows, etc.. Is software that serves to activate all devices installed on each computer that can communicate with each other. Without the operating system, the computer can not function at all.
Utility programs such as Norton Utility, Scandisk, PC Tools, etc..
Utility program or function to help fill the gap / weakness of the operating system, such as PC Tools can perform as DOS format command, but PC Tools is able to provide a good keterang and animation in the process of formatting. Files that have been deleted by DOS can not be restored again but with the aid program this can be done.
Utility programs such as Norton Utility, Scandisk, PC Tools, etc..
Utility program or function to help fill the gap / weakness of the operating system, such as PC Tools can perform as DOS format command, but PC Tools is able to provide a good keterang and animation in the process of formatting. Files that have been deleted by DOS can not be restored again but with the aid program this can be done.
Package programs, such as MS-Word, MS-Excel, Lotus 125, etc.
Program is structured in such a way that it can be used by many people with different interests. Such as MS-Word, can be used by the Treasury to make the memorandum, or the administration to create a sales letter and so forth.
Package programs, such as MS-Word, MS-Excel, Lotus 125, etc.
Program is structured in such a way that it can be used by many people with different interests. Such as MS-Word, can be used by the Treasury to make the memorandum, or the administration to create a sales letter and so forth.
Programming languages, Pascal, Fortran, Clipper, dBase, etc..
It is the dedicated software is used to create a computer program, whether it is the operating system, programs etc package. This programming language is usually divided into three levels, namely;
Low Level Language, first-generation programming language, programming language type is very difficult to understand because it uses machine language instructions. Usually that is understood only the author alone.
Midle Level Language, a programming language where the use of intermediate level instruction is approaching everyday language, although there are still difficult to understand for many uses such as STO singkatansingakatan means to keep (an acronym STORE) and MOV means to move (an acronym MOVE). A classified into this language is Assembler, Fortran (Formula Translator).
High level Language, is a high-level language that has features of easy to understand, because it uses everyday language, such as BASIC, COBOL, dBase etc..
3. Brainware (User), is the personnel directly involved in the use ofcomputer, such as systems analyst, programmer, operator, user, etc.. At the organization is large enough, the problem is usually handled by computerized special section known as part of the EDP (Electronic Data Processing), or often called denganEDP Department, headed by a Manager EDP.
3. Classification of ComputersA few years ago, the computer classification on the basis of the amount of RAM each computer. At that time, computer memory and RAM between 512 KB to 1 MB called Micro Computers and has more than 1 MB of RAM called Computer Mini. Such classification is now no longer appropriate, because the computer sakupun now many are having RAM greater than 1 MB. (1MB = 1024 KB) classification of the types of computers that are more appropriate based on the type of processor on the computer, because the ability of the computer is determined by the ability of the processor, the higher the type of processor used, the higher also the performance of the computer. Classification of computers based on other criteria is still possible, for example, based on the physical size, operating system, and the type of data processed. (See table)
3.1 Types of Computer Based ProcessorsBased on the processor, the computer classified into three parts, the mainframes, minicomputers and personal computer (PC). This classification in the coming years will increasingly blurred and may be lost, because the mainframe and mini computers progressing slowly, while the PC continues to evolve rapidly.
Mainframes are computers prosesornyamempunyai enormous capability, as intended for many users. Mainframe provides a bit of time and some memory for each user (user), and then moved again to another usage, then back kepemakai first. The move was not perceived by the user, as if it was nothing. Mainframe provided for multiple users (multi-user) and each user can use different programs at the same time (multitasking). Computer mainframe CPU has its own machine padasatu, have storage devices, communication at the engine itself and linked to many terminal consisting of a keyboard and a monitor only. Computers are typically used in large-scale enterprises, such as the national airline headquarters. Mainframe computer at present losing competitiveness with PC with internet technology.
Minicomputers is actually a form of mini-mainframe computer. If the mainframe can have thousands of terminals, minicomputer
more limited to tens and perhaps only hundreds. Minicomputer intended for companies that are not so great but not so small. Minicomputer suitable for colleges that have only one or two faculty, plant products only to meet local needs. Minicomputer is now rarely used, because it is more
flexible use of PC technology networknya Local Area (LAN)
Personal Computer (PC) or computer computer pribadiadalah satupemakai intended for usage by a single application program at a time. Therefore, the device can be summed up in one machine. CPU. However, in this ebenarnya CPU processors are not only alone, but there is also a storage device, and may be fitted with additional devices (peripherals). Computer type is the most widely used, both itudi home, office, institute courses, schools etc.. By adding various enhancements, the PC can emulate mainframe and mini computers, as described above. This computer has a monitor, keyboard and
3.2 Type Computer Based Physical Shape and SizePlease note that computers are not differentiated by the size of physical ability. Not that computers are small form means little anyway abilities.
Tower (the tower) is typically placed beside or under the table, because of the relatively large size, thus meeting table. These computers usually have many ruangdidalamnya and many have expansionslot (where to install additional cards), so that it can ditambahkandengan various enhancements.
Desktop (table) is a computer yangukuran slightly smaller than from the Tower, but it is usually placed on the table.
The computer is the most widely used because it is cheaper when compared to other forms. The computer that we use right now is kind of desktop.
Portable (easily under-under) is
computer whose size is slightly smaller
from the Desktop, because the parts can be assembled into one box only, making it easy to carry anywhere. The computer is intended for users who
often served in the field, for example
engineer in charge of completing
a home or researchers who collected data in the location that is far from his office. This computer is less popular because it is relatively large and heavy.
Notebook (notebook) is a computer the size of a notebook (which is widely used and students
Americans) only. Notebook has the same size as the Kerta quarto, that is 8 ½ x 11 inches, thickness ranging from 1 hinggan 1 ½ inches and weighs between 4 to 6 kg.
Subnotebook is a computer whose size is between notebook and palmtop computers. The size of the computer is a little smaller than a notebook because there are some devices that are not installed, typically disk drives.
Palmtop computers are to be grasped, because the size is very small, roughly a little smaller than the Beta video tapes. This computer is often called a handheld computer. The computer does not require electricity, but the usual small battery (AA size). The downside of this computer is the screen is too small and the keyboard is a bit smaller than standard size, making it difficult pamakai.
3.3 Computer Based Data Types TreatedBased on the data diolahnya, computers can dibagai into three parts, namely;
Analog computers are used to process qualitative data, work continuously and parallel, typically do not require an intermediate language. For example, computers are used in the hospital to measure temperature, speed of sound, electrical voltage, etc..
Digital Computers are used to process the quantitative data (letters, numbers, combinations of letters and numbers, special characters) usually requires an intermediate language. For example, PC computers, etc..
Hybrid computer, a combination of analog with digital computers. Facsimile example.
1. What is a Computer?The word computer is derived from the Latin meaning Computare count. In English is called to compute. By definition interpreted as a set of computer electronics work together, can accept data (input), process data (process) and provide information (output) and coordinated under the control of the program stored in memory. So how computers work can be described as follows:
Input Device, is a computer hardware devices that function to enter data into the computer's memory, such as keyboard, mouse, joystick, and others.
Processor, is the main computer that manages all the activities the computer itself. The processor consists of two main parts, namely;
• Control Unit (CU), a major component of the processor that controls all the devices installed on your computer, ranging from input device to output device.
• Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), is part of a special processor data processing arithmetic (addition, subtraction, etc.) and data logic (comparison).
Memory is data storage on a computer. This memory is divided into two
kinds, namely;
• Read Only Memory (ROM), which is memory that can only be read only, can not be changed and removed, and has been filled by the computer manufacturer. The contents of ROM is required when a computer is turned on. The commands in the ROM portion is transferred to RAM. The command is in ROM include the command to read the operating system from disk, the command to check all peralatanyang in the system unit and a command to display a message on the screen. ROM contents will not be lost even if there is no power. But at the present time ROMtelah has developed and many kinds, al;
a. PROM (Programable ROM), the ROM that we can re-program with a one time entry may only change once it can no longer be programmed.
b. RPROM (Re-Programable ROM), an outgrowth of the PROM version where we can make changes repeatedly as desired. c. EPROM (Erasable Program ROM) is a ROM that we can delete and re-program, but how to eliminate them using ultraviolet light.
d. EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Program ROM), recent developments dariROM where we can modify and delete the ROM program using electrical engineering. EEPROM is a type most banyakdigunakan today. • Random Access Memory (RAM), the name we can interpret that the RAM is memory that can be accessed randomly. RAM serves to keep our program though for a while (power on) if we turn off the computer, all the data stored in RAM is lost. The purpose of RAM is accelerating data processors on a computer. In order for the data that we make can not be lost when the computer is turned off, it would require external storage media, such as diskettes, hard drive, PCMCIA card and others.
Output Device, is a computer tool that allows you to produce output, whether it is on paper (hardcopy), into the screen (softcopy) or keluaranberupa sound. For example, printers, speakers, plotters, monitors and many others.
From the above explanation we can conclude that the principle of computer work begins entering data from an input device, then the data is processed in such a way by the CPU as we want and the data that has been processed earlier stored in computer memory or disk. The stored data can we see the result through the output device.
2. Computer Components?The computer consists of three main components that can not be separated, namely;
Hardware (hardware), is the physical equipment of the computer we can kihat and feel. Hardware consists of;
Input / Output Devices (I / O Device) consists of input and output devices, such as keyboards and printers. (See sub menu peripherals)
Storage Device (storage devices)
Is a medium to store data such as floppy disks, hard disks, CD-I, etc..
Monitor / Screen
Monitor is a tool to show what we type on board
keyboard after being processed by the processor. The monitor is also called the Visual Display Unit (VDU).
Unit Casing
The casing of the unit is where all the computer equipment, whether it is the motherboard, cards, other peripherals and Central Procesing Unit (CPU). The casing of this unit is also called the System Unit.
Central Procesing Unit (CPU)
Central Procesing Unit is one of the most important parts of the computer, because the type of processor also determines the type of computer. Whether or not a computer, type of computer, computer prices, determined largely by the type of processor. Increasingly sophisticated computer processor, the ability will get better and usually the price will be more expensive.
2. Software (software), are computer programs that are usefulto run a job in accordance with the desired. The programwritten in a special language that is understandable by computers. The software consists ofseveral types, namely;
Operating systems, such as DOS, Unix, Novell, OS / 2, Windows, etc.. Is software that serves to activate all devices installed on each computer that can communicate with each other. Without the operating system, the computer can not function at all.
Utility programs such as Norton Utility, Scandisk, PC Tools, etc..
Utility program or function to help fill the gap / weakness of the operating system, such as PC Tools can perform as DOS format command, but PC Tools is able to provide a good keterang and animation in the process of formatting. Files that have been deleted by DOS can not be restored again but with the aid program this can be done.
Utility programs such as Norton Utility, Scandisk, PC Tools, etc..
Utility program or function to help fill the gap / weakness of the operating system, such as PC Tools can perform as DOS format command, but PC Tools is able to provide a good keterang and animation in the process of formatting. Files that have been deleted by DOS can not be restored again but with the aid program this can be done.
Package programs, such as MS-Word, MS-Excel, Lotus 125, etc.
Program is structured in such a way that it can be used by many people with different interests. Such as MS-Word, can be used by the Treasury to make the memorandum, or the administration to create a sales letter and so forth.
Package programs, such as MS-Word, MS-Excel, Lotus 125, etc.
Program is structured in such a way that it can be used by many people with different interests. Such as MS-Word, can be used by the Treasury to make the memorandum, or the administration to create a sales letter and so forth.
Programming languages, Pascal, Fortran, Clipper, dBase, etc..
It is the dedicated software is used to create a computer program, whether it is the operating system, programs etc package. This programming language is usually divided into three levels, namely;
Low Level Language, first-generation programming language, programming language type is very difficult to understand because it uses machine language instructions. Usually that is understood only the author alone.
Midle Level Language, a programming language where the use of intermediate level instruction is approaching everyday language, although there are still difficult to understand for many uses such as STO singkatansingakatan means to keep (an acronym STORE) and MOV means to move (an acronym MOVE). A classified into this language is Assembler, Fortran (Formula Translator).
High level Language, is a high-level language that has features of easy to understand, because it uses everyday language, such as BASIC, COBOL, dBase etc..
3. Brainware (User), is the personnel directly involved in the use ofcomputer, such as systems analyst, programmer, operator, user, etc.. At the organization is large enough, the problem is usually handled by computerized special section known as part of the EDP (Electronic Data Processing), or often called denganEDP Department, headed by a Manager EDP.
3. Classification of ComputersA few years ago, the computer classification on the basis of the amount of RAM each computer. At that time, computer memory and RAM between 512 KB to 1 MB called Micro Computers and has more than 1 MB of RAM called Computer Mini. Such classification is now no longer appropriate, because the computer sakupun now many are having RAM greater than 1 MB. (1MB = 1024 KB) classification of the types of computers that are more appropriate based on the type of processor on the computer, because the ability of the computer is determined by the ability of the processor, the higher the type of processor used, the higher also the performance of the computer. Classification of computers based on other criteria is still possible, for example, based on the physical size, operating system, and the type of data processed. (See table)
3.1 Types of Computer Based ProcessorsBased on the processor, the computer classified into three parts, the mainframes, minicomputers and personal computer (PC). This classification in the coming years will increasingly blurred and may be lost, because the mainframe and mini computers progressing slowly, while the PC continues to evolve rapidly.
Mainframes are computers prosesornyamempunyai enormous capability, as intended for many users. Mainframe provides a bit of time and some memory for each user (user), and then moved again to another usage, then back kepemakai first. The move was not perceived by the user, as if it was nothing. Mainframe provided for multiple users (multi-user) and each user can use different programs at the same time (multitasking). Computer mainframe CPU has its own machine padasatu, have storage devices, communication at the engine itself and linked to many terminal consisting of a keyboard and a monitor only. Computers are typically used in large-scale enterprises, such as the national airline headquarters. Mainframe computer at present losing competitiveness with PC with internet technology.
Minicomputers is actually a form of mini-mainframe computer. If the mainframe can have thousands of terminals, minicomputer
more limited to tens and perhaps only hundreds. Minicomputer intended for companies that are not so great but not so small. Minicomputer suitable for colleges that have only one or two faculty, plant products only to meet local needs. Minicomputer is now rarely used, because it is more
flexible use of PC technology networknya Local Area (LAN)
Personal Computer (PC) or computer computer pribadiadalah satupemakai intended for usage by a single application program at a time. Therefore, the device can be summed up in one machine. CPU. However, in this ebenarnya CPU processors are not only alone, but there is also a storage device, and may be fitted with additional devices (peripherals). Computer type is the most widely used, both itudi home, office, institute courses, schools etc.. By adding various enhancements, the PC can emulate mainframe and mini computers, as described above. This computer has a monitor, keyboard and
3.2 Type Computer Based Physical Shape and SizePlease note that computers are not differentiated by the size of physical ability. Not that computers are small form means little anyway abilities.
Tower (the tower) is typically placed beside or under the table, because of the relatively large size, thus meeting table. These computers usually have many ruangdidalamnya and many have expansionslot (where to install additional cards), so that it can ditambahkandengan various enhancements.
Desktop (table) is a computer yangukuran slightly smaller than from the Tower, but it is usually placed on the table.
The computer is the most widely used because it is cheaper when compared to other forms. The computer that we use right now is kind of desktop.
Portable (easily under-under) is
computer whose size is slightly smaller
from the Desktop, because the parts can be assembled into one box only, making it easy to carry anywhere. The computer is intended for users who
often served in the field, for example
engineer in charge of completing
a home or researchers who collected data in the location that is far from his office. This computer is less popular because it is relatively large and heavy.
Notebook (notebook) is a computer the size of a notebook (which is widely used and students
Americans) only. Notebook has the same size as the Kerta quarto, that is 8 ½ x 11 inches, thickness ranging from 1 hinggan 1 ½ inches and weighs between 4 to 6 kg.
Subnotebook is a computer whose size is between notebook and palmtop computers. The size of the computer is a little smaller than a notebook because there are some devices that are not installed, typically disk drives.
Palmtop computers are to be grasped, because the size is very small, roughly a little smaller than the Beta video tapes. This computer is often called a handheld computer. The computer does not require electricity, but the usual small battery (AA size). The downside of this computer is the screen is too small and the keyboard is a bit smaller than standard size, making it difficult pamakai.
3.3 Computer Based Data Types TreatedBased on the data diolahnya, computers can dibagai into three parts, namely;
Analog computers are used to process qualitative data, work continuously and parallel, typically do not require an intermediate language. For example, computers are used in the hospital to measure temperature, speed of sound, electrical voltage, etc..
Digital Computers are used to process the quantitative data (letters, numbers, combinations of letters and numbers, special characters) usually requires an intermediate language. For example, PC computers, etc..
Hybrid computer, a combination of analog with digital computers. Facsimile example.
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